Showing posts with label Quran. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Quran. Show all posts

Monday, 5 January 2026

Dinosaurs in The Quran

 

The Night Journey (17:12)


وَجَعَلْنَا ٱلَّيْلَ وَٱلنَّهَارَ ءَايَتَيْنِ ۖ فَمَحَوْنَآ ءَايَةَ ٱلَّيْلِ وَجَعَلْنَآ ءَايَةَ ٱلنَّهَارِ مُبْصِرَةًۭ لِّتَبْتَغُوا۟ فَضْلًۭا مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ وَلِتَعْلَمُوا۟ عَدَدَ ٱلسِّنِينَ وَٱلْحِسَابَ ۚ وَكُلَّ شَىْءٍۢ فَصَّلْنَـٰهُ تَفْصِيلًۭا ١٢

We have made the night and the day two signs, then We made the sign of night marked by darkness and the sign of day bright, so that you may seek grace from your Lord, and that you may know how to number the years and how to compute, and We have expounded everything in detail.

[https://quran.com/17/12, Translation: T. Usmani]

The Quran mentions everything. If we have not yet found it in The Quran, it does not mean that it is not mentioned there. It simply is an indication of our own limited knowledge. 

The Quran does mention the creation of reptiles. 

The Quran mentions that the 'Jaan' were created before the 'Insaan'. [Surah alHijr] 

The Quran mentions the 'Jinn' the category that Iblis belonged to. [Surah alKahf]

The Bible mentions that he was a serpent, and that he lost his limbs as a punishment for misleading Adam and his wife. [Genesis 3]

The following studies contain the relevant ayaat and my understanding of the history presented in The Quran: 

جَانٌّ (Snake || Jinn) 

The Creation & Emergence of Species 

The Serpent & The Snake: a Clear Sign 

Q15 23-50 || Q12 [Surah alHijr || Surah Yusuf] 

Q17 60-70 || Q12 [Surah alIsra || Surah Yusuf] 

Adam's Covenant & Expulsion: an overview 

Adam's Fall in Genesis 3 in the light of The Quran 

Human Devolution 

The Beginning of Agriculture 

Snails, Slugs & The Devolution of Adam 

Q20:20 Egyptian Cobra 

Knowledge of All the Names 


According to Hadith attributed to Prophet Muhammad  , it is mentioned that when Adam was created, his height was about 60 cubits, that is approximately 90 feet. 

Scientists tell us that from the fossils of dinosaurs, they estimate the height from a few feet to almost 90 feet. This Britannica page gives a list of the largest dinosaurs. 


The Quran explains everything. 

We need to contemplate and believe it. 

The Torah & The Quran 

Blue-Eyed Criminals 

Pondering on The Quran 

Secular Science vs Creation Faith 

Gamma Rays, Visible Light & The Electromagnetic Spectrum 

 The Return to Glory 





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Saturday, 13 December 2025

Ishmael in The Quran

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Proper noun - Ishmael

(2:125:15) wa-is'māʿīlaand Ishmaelوَعَهِدْنَا إِلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ أَنْ طَهِّرَا بَيْتِيَ
(2:127:7) wa-is'māʿīluand Ishmaelوَإِذْ يَرْفَعُ إِبْرَاهِيمُ الْقَوَاعِدَ مِنَ الْبَيْتِ وَإِسْمَاعِيلُ
(2:133:21) wa-is'māʿīlaand Ishmaelقَالُوا نَعْبُدُ إِلَٰهَكَ وَإِلَٰهَ آبَائِكَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ
(2:136:11) wa-is'māʿīlaand Ishmaelوَمَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ
(2:140:5) wa-is'māʿīlaand Ishmaelأَمْ تَقُولُونَ إِنَّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ
(3:84:11) wa-is'māʿīlaand Ishmaelوَمَا أُنْزِلَ عَلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ
(4:163:14) wa-is'māʿīlaand Ishmaelوَأَوْحَيْنَا إِلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ
(6:86:1) wa-is'māʿīlaAnd Ishmaelوَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَالْيَسَعَ وَيُونُسَ وَلُوطًا وَكُلًّا فَضَّلْنَا عَلَى الْعَالَمِينَ
(14:39:8) is'māʿīlaIshmaelالْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي وَهَبَ لِي عَلَى الْكِبَرِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسْحَاقَ
(19:54:4) is'māʿīlaIshmaelوَاذْكُرْ فِي الْكِتَابِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ إِنَّهُ كَانَ صَادِقَ الْوَعْدِ
(21:85:1) wa-is'māʿīlaAnd Ishmaelوَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِدْرِيسَ وَذَا الْكِفْلِ كُلٌّ مِنَ الصَّابِرِينَ
(38:48:2) is'māʿīlaIshmaelوَاذْكُرْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ وَالْيَسَعَ وَذَا الْكِفْلِ وَكُلٌّ مِنَ الْأَخْيَارِ


The proper noun is'māʿīl (إِسْمَاعِيل) occurs 12 times in the Quran, as listed above, in the excerpt. 

The first five mentions of Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) are in Surah al-Baqarah

2:125 A covenant was taken from both father (Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام)) and son (Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام)) to go purify Allah's House. 

The need for purification implies that their was impurity there. The impurity of idols? that implies the existence of the House since before then, and idol worship -> that implies the presence of idol worshippers -> that implies taking ownership or control of the precincts, removing those who were defiling it, and then being able to purify the place, some sort of power struggle (similar to what Prophet Muhammad  had to do again over two millennia later).   

2:127 Father (Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام)) was raising the foundations of the House, and son (Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام)), both praying that it be accepted from them. 

They also pray that they are shown the rites -> implying that the rites of Umrah and Hajj were revealed to them, as they were revealed to Prophet Muhammad  as well, over two millennia later

2:133 The sons of Jacob (Yaqub عليه السلام) pledging to their father, when he was about to die, that after his death, they will worship his God, the God of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) and Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) and Isaac (Ishaq عليه السلام), one God, and that they will be submit (muslims) to Him.  

2:136 The believers are commanded to say that they believe in what has been sent down to us, and that which was sent down to Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the tribes, and that which was given to Moses and Jesus and that which was given to the prophets from their Lord, we do not differentiate between anyone of them, and we to Him submit (muslims).  

2:140 The Quran rejects their (people of the Book's) statement that Abraham and Issac and Ishmael and Jacob and the tribes were Jews or Christians. 

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The next mention is in Surah Aal-e-Imran (The Family of Imran):

3:84 The believers are commanded to say that they believe in Allah, and that which has been sent down upon us, and that which was sent down upon Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the tribes, and that which was given to Moses and Jesus and to the prophets from their Lord, we do not differentiate between anyone of them, and we to Him submit (muslims).  

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The next mention is in Surah an-Nisa (The Women):

4:163 Indeed, We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad], as We revealed to Noah and the prophets after him. And we revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, the Descendants, Jesus, Job, Jonah, Aaron, and Solomon, and to David We gave the book [of Psalms]. [Translation by Sahih International] 

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The next mention is in Surah al-Anam (The Cattle):

6:86 And Ishmael and Elisha and Jonah and Lot - and all [of them] We preferred over the worlds. [Translation by Sahih International] 

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The next mention is in Surah Ibrahim:

14:39 Praise to Allah , who has granted to me in old age Ishmael and Isaac. Indeed, my Lord is the Hearer of supplication. [Translation by Sahih International] 

Surah Ibrahim responds in detail to all the objections against the Abrahamic faith. 
Q14:35-41 quotes the invocation of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام): '(Recall) when Ibrāhīm said, “My Lord, make this land/country peaceful, and keep me and my children away from worshiping idols. My Lord, they have misled many a people. So, the one who follows me does surely belong to me. As for the one who disobeys me, then You are Most-Forgiving, Very-Merciful. Our Lord, I have settled some of my children in a valley of no vegetation, close to Your sanctified House, so that, Our Lord, they may establish Salāh. So, make hearts of people yearn towards them, and provide them with fruits, so that they may be grateful. Our Lord, surely You know what we conceal and what we reveal.-Hidden from Allah is nothing whatsoever, neither in the earth nor in the heavens. Praise be to Allah who, despite my old age, blessed me with Ismā‘īl (Ishmael) and IsHāq (Isaac). Surely, my Lord is the One who listens to the prayer. My Lord, make me steadfast in Salāh, and my offspring as well. And, Our Lord, grant my prayer. Our Lord, forgive me and my parents and all believers on the day when reckoning shall take place.”' (Q14:35-41) 

The chronology in the invocation of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) is first for the land/country that has been purified, then that he and his children (plural) are protected from falling into idol-worship. He mentions the people who misled many, and then states that whoever follows him (in faith) surely belongs to him (accepting all who follow him as his ummah); yet invoking forgiveness and mercy for whoever disobeys him; the next item, chronologically, is the settling of some of his children in the Valley of No Vegetation (Bakkah / Makkah), near Your House (Kaaba), to establish salaat (formal congregational prayer), therefore incline the emotions of humans towards them, and provide them with fruits, so that they are grateful; admits that Allah knows what we conceal and what we reveal, as nothing is hidden from Allah in the skies and earth; and continues to praise Allah for blessing him with Ishmael and Isaac in old age. So, at the time of this prayer, both sons have been born, Ishmael is old enough to help in the purification of the House, and the raising of its foundation, and then they are being settled in the Valley with No Vegetation, near The House. He acknowledges that Allah is the One who listens to invocations, and then invokes for himself that he is made an establisher of formal prayer, and prays the same for his progeny, and invokes that this request is accepted; he prays for forgiveness for himself, his parents, and all believers, on the Day of Reckoning.  
     
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The next mention is in Surah Maryam:

19:54 And mention in the Book, Ishmael. Indeed, he was true to his promise, and he was a messenger and a prophet. [Translation by Sahih International] 

In Surah Maryam, Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) is specially remembered regarding the command: he was true to his promise, and he was a messenger-prophet. 

The promise is related to the dream that was given to his father Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام), when Ishmael was the only son, to sacrifice his son. When the father related his dream to his son, the son submitted to the command. Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) placed the son with forehead on the ground (the position of prostration) to sacrifice him. Allah was testing both father and son. Both were true. Allah replaced Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) and saved him. These details are mentioned in Surah as-Saaffaat. 

Surah Maryam highlights the extraordinary command given to Maryam (mother of Jesus (Isa عليه السلام)) and the extraordinary keeping of promise by Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام), among a few other extraordinary people and events.  

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The next mention is in Surah al-Anbiya (The Prophets):

21:85 And [mention] Ishmael and Idrees and Dhul-Kifl; all were of the patient. [Translation by Sahih International] 

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The last mention, by name, is in Surah Saad. This surah is about rich, powerful men, men of position and power, both believers and non-believers. Regarding Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام), ayat 48 states:  

وَاذۡكُرۡ اِسۡمٰعِيۡلَ وَ الۡيَسَعَ وَذَا الۡكِفۡلِ​ؕ وَكُلٌّ مِّنَ الۡاَخۡيَارِؕ‏  ٤٨ 

Also remember Ishmael, Elisha, and Ⱬul-Kifl. All are among the best.

— Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran

And remember Ismā‘īl and Al-Yasa‘ and Dhul-Kifl. Each one of them was among the best of the righteous.

— T. Usmani

And remember Ishmael, Elisha and Dhul-Kifl, and all are among the outstanding.

— Saheeh International

 48. And remember Ismâ‘îl (Ishmael), Alyasa‘ (Elisha), and Dhul-Kifl (Isaiah), all are among the best.

— Al-Hilali & Khan

And remember Our servants Ishmael, Elisha, and Dhu ’l-Kifl, each of them truly good.

— M.A.S. Abdel Haleem

And remember Ishmael, Elisha, and Dhu al-Kifl. All were of the best.

— A. Maududi (Tafhim commentary)

And make mention of Ishmael and Elisha and Dhu'l-Kifl. All are of the chosen.

— M. Pickthall

And commemorate Isma'il, Elisha, and Zul-Kifl: Each of them was of the Company of the Good.

— A. Yusuf Ali


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Search and Translation Links

corpus.quran.com 

quran.com


Related Posts

Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام), the excellent example 

Forehead / جَبِين 

Ignorant of The Law of Sacrifice 

The Ancient House 

Administrative and Geographical Units 

Wronging the Nafs - II (The Forbidden & The Sacred) 

The Possessors of The Stone & Hijr-e-Ismail 

Prayer & Remembrance of God 

Prayers - The Need for Allah's Help 

The Hajj 

Polytheism: The Sin committed by The First Human Couple 




Thursday, 25 September 2025

Homosexuality vs Shariah Laws


The Quran (Q4:15-18) is very clear that homosexuality is a punishable offence: home confinement for women, and inflicting pain on the two men who indulge in it, till they abandon this sin. The term it uses for the sin is alFahishata. 

The Quran is also very explicit about the Nation of Messenger Lot (Lut عليه السلام), who received divine punishment for their corruption. It highlights homosexuality as their major crime. Except for Messenger Lot (Lut عليه السلام) and his family, no one survived. Even his wife was one of those punished. 

In the United Nations General Assembly, the President of USA (Donald Trump (Christian)) has accused the Mayor of London (Sadiq Khan (Muslim)) of 'wanting to go to Shariah Law'. This is a paradox. 

Sadiq Khan is an open supporter of LGBTQ+, and has publicly participated in London Pride, vowing to protect the interests of the Pride Community in London.  

Shariah is the the set of Divine Law, given in each divinely revealed scripture, for the followers of that religion, to judge by: 


I hope this post finds the Mayor of London, and helps him reconsider his 'Muslimness' in the light of the guidance provided in the divinely-revealed scripture that he 'professes faith' in. 

I hope this post finds the President of USA, and helps him reconsider his statement about the Mayor of London.  

I hope this post finds all followers of Abrahamic religions, and helps them reconsider their 'submission to the Shariah (Law)' in the light of the guidance provided in the  divinely-revealed scripture that they 'profess faith' in.  

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Related Links & Posts: 


YouTube: 

“I Can Be Who I Want”: What Pride Means To London’s LGBTQ+ Community 🏳️‍🌈 | Mayor of London 

Donald Trump attacks Sadiq Khan and claims London 'wants to go to Sharia law' in UN speech 


My Posts: 

alFahishata: The Crime of Qom-e-Lut 

Homosexuality, Adultery and Rape 

As in the Days of Lot (Russia’s Holy War) 

World History & Future Implications 


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Friday, 18 July 2025

Should Muslims not fight the Zionists?

The zionists are systematically and ruthlessly killing and eliminating the Palestinians and neighbouring countries, in an effort to claim their right over a large piece of land. 

Do the Muslims not have a responsibility to wage war against this fitna and fasad? 

What does The Quran say? 

How are these ayaat understood? 


The Cow (2:190-193)


2:190

وَقَـٰتِلُوا۟ فِى سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلَّذِينَ يُقَـٰتِلُونَكُمْ وَلَا تَعْتَدُوٓا۟ ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ ٱلْمُعْتَدِينَ ١٩٠

Fight in the cause of Allah ˹only˺ against those who wage war against you, but do not exceed the limits.[1] Allah does not like transgressors.

— Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran

[1] “Do not exceed the limits” refers to Islamic warfare guidelines set by the Prophet. In an authentic saying collected by Abu Dawûd, he () is reported to have instructed the Muslim army, “Depart in the Name of Allah and with His help—following the way of the Messenger of Allah. Do not kill an old man, a child, or a woman. Do not mutilate dead bodies of the enemy. Be gracious and courteous, for Allah loves those who act with grace.” The Prophet () also says, “Do not wish to meet your enemy in battle but always pray for well-being. If fighting is a must, then be steadfast.”

Fight in the way of Allah against those who fight you, and do not transgress. Verily, Allah does not like the transgressors.

— T. Usmani

Fight in the way of Allāh those who fight against you but do not transgress. Indeed, Allāh does not like transgressors.

— Saheeh International

 And fight in the Way of Allâh[1] those who fight you, but transgress not the limits. Truly, Allâh likes not the transgressors. [This Verse is the first one that was revealed in connection with Jihâd, but it was supplemented by another (9:36)].

— Al-Hilali & Khan

[1](V.2:190) Al-Jihâd (holy fighting) in Allâh’s Cause (with full force of numbers and weaponry) is given the utmost importance in Islâm and is one of its pillar (on which it stands). By Jihâd Islâm is established, Allâh’s Word is made superior, (His Word being Lâ ilaha illallâh which means none has the right to be worshipped but Allâh), and His Religion (Islâm) is propagated. By abandoning Jihâd (may Allâh protect us from that) Islâm is destroyed and the Muslims fall into an inferior position; their honour is lost, their lands are stolen, their rule and authority vanish. Jihâd is an obligatory duty in Islâm on every Muslim, and he who tries to escape from this duty, or does not in his innermost heart wish to fulfil this duty, dies with one of the qualities of a hypocrite.Narrated ‘Abdullâh bin Mas‘ûd رضي الله عنه: I asked Allâh’s Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم 'O Allâh’s Messenger! What is the best deed?' He replied, 'To offer the Salât (prayers) at their early fixed stated times.' I asked, 'What is next in goodness?' He replied, 'To be good and dutiful to your parents.' I further asked, 'What is next in goodness?' He replied, 'To participate in Jihâd in Allâh’s Cause.' I did not ask Allâh’s Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم anymore and if I had asked him more, he would have told me more. (Sahih Al-Bukhâri, Vol.4, Hadîth No.41).

Fight in God’s cause against those who fight you, but do not overstep the limits: God does not love those who overstep the limits.

— M.A.S. Abdel Haleem

Fight in the way of Allah[1] against those who fight against you but do not transgress,[2] for Allah does not love transgressors.

— A. Maududi (Tafhim commentary)

[1]The believers are asked to fight those who hindered their efforts in the cause of God, and acted with hostility towards them merely because they sought to fashion human life according to the revealed guidance of God. Earlier, when they were weak and scattered, the Muslims were asked merely to preach and be patient with the wrongful repression meted out to them by their opponents. However, now that a small city state had been established in Madina they were commanded for the first time to unsheathe their swords against those who had resorted to armed hostility against their movement of reform. It was some time after this injunction that the Battle of Badr took place, to be followed by several other battles.

[2]The believers are told that material interests should not be the motivation for their fighting, that they should not take up arms against those who were not in opposition to the true faith, that they should not resort to unscrupulous methods or to the indiscriminate killing and pillage which characterized the wars of the pre-Islamic era, the Age of Ignorance. The excesses alluded to in this verse are acts such as taking up arms against women and children, the old and the injured, mutilation of the dead bodies of the enemy, uncalled-for devastation through the destruction of fields and livestock, and other similar acts of injustice and brutality. In the Hadith all these acts have been prohibited. The real intent of the verse is to stress that force should be used only when its use is unavoidable, and only to the extent that is absolutely necessary.

Fight in the way of Allah against those who fight against you, but begin not hostilities. Lo! Allah loveth not aggressors.

— M. Pickthall

Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah loveth not transgressors.

— A. Yusuf Ali

اور تم اللہ کی راہ میں ان لوگوں سے لڑو جو تم سے لڑتے ہیں ، مگر زیادتی نہ کرو کہ اللہ زیادتی کرنے والوں کو پسند نہیں کرتا ۔

— Fe Zilal al-Qur'an

اور تم اللہ کی راہ میں ان لوگوں سے لڑو، جو تم سے لڑتے ہیں[1] ، مگر زیادتی نہ کرو کہ اللہ زیادتی کرنے والوں کو پسند نہیں کرتا [2]

— Tafheem e Qur'an - Syed Abu Ali Maududi

[1]یعنی تمہاری جنگ نہ تو اپنی اغراض کے ہیے ہو، نہ اُن لوگوں پر ہاتھ اُٹھا ؤ ،  جو دینِ حق کی راہ میں مزاحمت نہیں کرتے، اور نہ لڑائی میں جاہلیّت کے طریقے  استعمال کرو۔ عورتوں اور بچوں اور بوڑھوں اور زخمیوں پر دست درازی کرنا،  دشمن کے مقتولوں کا مُثلہ کرنا، کھیتوں اور  مویشیوں کو خواہ مخواہ برباد کرنا اور دُوسرے تمام وحشیانہ اور ظالمانہ افعال ” حد  سے گزرنے“ کی تعریف میں آتے ہیں اور حدیث میں ان سب کی ممانعت وارد ہے۔ آیت کا  منشا یہ ہے کہ قوت کا استعمال وہیں کیا جائے ، جہاں وہ ناگزیر ہو، اور اُسی حد تک  کیا جائے ، جتنی اس کی ضرورت ہو۔

[2]یعنی جو لوگ خدا کے کام میں تمہارا راستہ روکتے ہیں، اور اس بنا پر تمہارے  دُشمن بن گئے ہیں کہ تم خدا کی ہدایت کے مطابق نظامِ زندگی کی اصلاح کرنا چاہتے  ہو، اور اس اصلاحی کام  کی مزاحمت میں جبر  و ظلم کی طاقتیں استعمال کر رہے ہیں، ان سے جنگ کرو۔ اس سے پہلے جب تک مسلمان  کمزور اور منتشر تھے، ان کو صرف تبلیغ کا حکم تھا اور مخالفین کے ظلم و ستم پر صبر  کرنے کی ہدایت کی جاتی تھی۔ اب مدینے میں ان کی چھوٹی سی شہری ریاست بن جانے کے  بعد پہلے مرتبہ حکم دیا جا رہا ہے کہ جو لوگ اس دعوتِ اصلاح کی راہ میں مسلح  مزاحمت کرتے ہیں، ان کو تلوار کا جواب تلوار سے دو۔ اس کے  بعد ہی جنگ ِ بدر پیش آئی اور لڑائیوں کا سلسلہ  شروع ہو گیا۔

لڑو اللہ کی راه میں ان سے جو تم سے لڑتے ہیں اور زیادتی نہ کرو[1] ، اللہ تعالیٰ زیادتی کرنے والوں کو پسند نہیں فرماتا۔

— Maulana Muhammad Junagarhi

[1]اس آیت میں پہلی مرتبہ ان لوگوں سے لڑنے کی اجازت دی گئی ہے جو مسلمانوں سے آمادہ قتال رہتے تھے۔ تاہم زیادتی سے منع فرمایا، جس کا مطلب یہ ہے کہ مثلہ مت کرو، عورتوں، بچوں اور بوڑھوں کو قتل نہ کرو جن کا جنگ میں حصہ نہ ہو، اسی طرح درخت وغیرہ جلا دینا، یا جانوروں کو بغیر مصلحت کے ما ر ڈالنا بھی زیادتی ہے، جن سے بچا جائے۔ (ابن کثیر)

اور جو لوگ تم سے لڑتے ہیں تم بھی خدا کی راہ میں ان سے لڑو مگر زیادتی نہ کرنا کہ خدا زیادتی کرنے والوں کو دوست نہیں رکھتا

— Fatah Muhammad Jalandhari

اور قتال کرو اللہ کی راہ میں ان سے جو تم سے قتال کر رہے ہیں لیکن حد سے تجاوز نہ کرو بیشک اللہ تعالیٰ حد سے تجاوز کرنے والوں کو پسند نہیں کرتا

—(( بیان القرآن (ڈاکٹر اسرار احمد)

اور لڑو اللہ کی راہ میں ان لگوں سے جو لڑتے ہیں تم سے [1] اور کسی پر زیادتی مت کرو [2] بیشک اللہ تعالیٰ ناپسند کرتا ہے زیادتی کرنے والوں کو

— Shaykh al-Hind Mahmud al-Hasan(with Tafsir E Usmani)


[1]حرم میں قتال کا حکم:حضرت ابراہیمؑ کے وقت سے مکہ دارالامن تھا،کوئی اپنے دشمن کو بھی مکہ میں پاتا تو کچھ نہ کہتا اور اشہر حرام یعنی ذی القعدہ اور ذی الحجہ اور محرم اور رجب یہ چار مہینے بھی امن کے تھے ان میں تمام ملک عرب میں لڑائی موقوف ہو جاتی اور کوئی کسی کو کچھ نہ کہتا ذی القعدہ ۰۶ ہجری میں حضرت ﷺ جماعت صحابہ کے ہمراہ عمرہ کے قصد سے مکہ کی زیارت کو تشریف لائے جب آپ مکہ کے نزدیک پہنچے تو مشرکین جمع ہو کر لڑنے کو تیار ہو گئے اور مسلمانوں کو روک دیا آخر کو اس پر صلح ہوئی کہ اب تو بدون زیارت واپس ہو جائیں اور اگلے برس آن کر عمرہ کریں اور تین روز اطمینان سے مکہ میں رہیں جب دوسرے برس ذی القعدہ ۰۷ ہجری میں آپ ﷺ نے مکہ کا قصد فرمایا تو آپ ﷺ کے اصحاب کو یہ اندیشہ تھا کہ اہل مکہ اگر اب بھی وعدہ خلافی کر کے لڑنے بھڑنے کو تیار ہو گئے تو پھر ہم کیا کریں گے لڑیں تو شہر حرام اور حرم مکہ میں کیونکر لڑیں اور نہ لڑیں تو عمرہ کیسے کریں اس پر حکم الہٰی آیا کہ اگر وہ اس مہینہ حرام خلاف عہد تم سے لڑیں تو تم بھی بلاتامل ان سے لڑو ہاں تمہاری طرف سے ابتداء اور  زیادتی نہ ہونی چاہیئے۔ حج کے ذیل میں عمرہ حدیبیہ کی مناسبت سے قتال کفار کا ذکر آیا اس لئے جہاد کے بعض احکام و آداب مناسب مقام مذکور فرمائے جاتے ہیں اس کے بعد پھر حج کے احکام بیان ہوں گے۔

[2]زیادتی مت کرو اس کے معنی یہ کہ لڑائی میں لڑکے اور عورتیں اور بوڑھے قصدًا نہ مارے جائیں اور حرم کے اندر اپنی طرف سے لڑائی شروع نہ کی جائے۔

Aur tum Allah ki raah mein un logon se lado, jo tumse ladte hain, magar zyadati na karo ka Allah zyadati karne walon ko pasand nahin karta

— Abul Ala Maududi(Roman Urdu)

اور اللہ کی راہ میں ان لوگوں سے لڑو جو لڑتے ہیں تم سے اور زیادتی نہ کرو اللہ زیادتی کرنے والوں کو پسند نہیں کرتا

— Maulana Wahiduddin Khan


2:191

وَٱقْتُلُوهُمْ حَيْثُ ثَقِفْتُمُوهُمْ وَأَخْرِجُوهُم مِّنْ حَيْثُ أَخْرَجُوكُمْ ۚ وَٱلْفِتْنَةُ أَشَدُّ مِنَ ٱلْقَتْلِ ۚ وَلَا تُقَـٰتِلُوهُمْ عِندَ ٱلْمَسْجِدِ ٱلْحَرَامِ حَتَّىٰ يُقَـٰتِلُوكُمْ فِيهِ ۖ فَإِن قَـٰتَلُوكُمْ فَٱقْتُلُوهُمْ ۗ كَذَٰلِكَ جَزَآءُ ٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ ١٩١

Kill them wherever you come upon them[1] and drive them out of the places from which they have driven you out. For persecution[2] is far worse than killing. And do not fight them at the Sacred Mosque unless they attack you there. If they do so, then fight them—that is the reward of the disbelievers.

— Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran

[1] This is probably the most misquoted verse from the Quran. To properly understand the verse, we need to put it into context. Misquoting verses and taking them out of context can be applied to any scripture. For example, in the Bible, Jesus says, “Do not think that I came to bring peace on earth. I did not come to bring peace but a sword!” (Matthew 10:34). He also says, “But as for these enemies of mine who did not want me to be their king—bring them here and slaughter them in my presence!” (Luke 19:27). And Moses says, “The Lord is a man of war, the Lord is his name.” (Exodus 15:3). For more details, see the Introduction.

[2] Persecuting Muslims to abandon their faith.

Kill them wherever you find them, and drive them out from where they drove you out, as Fitnah (to create disorder) is more severe than killing. However, do not fight them near Al-Masjid-ul-Harām (the Sacred Mosque in Makkah) unless they fight you there. However, if they fight you (there) you may kill them. Such is the reward of the disbelievers.

— T. Usmani

And kill them [in battle] wherever you overtake them and expel them from wherever they have expelled you, and fitnah[1] is worse than killing. And do not fight them at al-Masjid al-Ḥarām until they fight you there. But if they fight you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers.

— Saheeh International

[1]- Among the meanings of fitnah are disbelief and its imposition on others, discord, dissension, civil strife, persecution, oppression, injustice, seduction, terrorism, trial and torment.

Kill them wherever you encounter them, and drive them out from where they drove you out, for persecution is more serious than killing. Do not fight them at the Sacred Mosque unless they fight you there. If they do fight you, kill them- this is what such disbelievers deserve-

— M.A.S. Abdel Haleem

 And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out. And Al-Fitnah [1] is worse than killing. And fight not with them at Al-Masjid-Al-Harâm (the sanctuary at Makkah),[2] unless they (first) fight you there. But if they attack you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers.

— Al-Hilali & Khan

[1](V.2:191) Al-Fitnah: polytheism, to disbelieve after one has believed in Allâh, or a trial or a calamity or an affliction.

[2](V.2:191) Narrated Abu-Bakrah رضي الله عنه: The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم delivered to us a Khutbah (religious talk) on the day of Nahr (10th of Dhul Hijjah ). He said, 'Do you know what is the day today?' We said, 'Allâh and His Messenger know better.' He remained silent till we thought that he might give that day another name. He said, 'Isn’t it the day of Nahr ?' We said, 'It is.' He further asked, 'Which month is this?' We said, 'Allâh and His Messenger know better.' He remained silent till we thought that he might give it another name. He then said, 'Isn’t it the month of Dhul-Hijjah ?' We replied: 'Yes, it is.' He further asked, 'What town is this?' We replied, 'Allâh and His Messenger know it better.' He remained silent till we thought that he might give it another name. He then said, 'Isn’t it the forbidden (sacred) town (of Makkah)?' We said, 'Yes, it is.' He said, 'No doubt, your blood and your properties are sacred to one another like the sanctity of this day of yours, in this month of yours, in this town of yours, till the day you meet your Lord. No doubt! Haven’t I conveyed Allâh’s Message to you? We said, 'Yes.' He said, 'O Allâh! Be witness. So it is in incumbent upon those who are present to convey it (this information) to those who are absent because the informed one might comprehend it (what I have said) better than the present audience, who will convey it to him. Beware! Do not renegade (as) disbelievers after me by striking the necks (cutting the throats) of one another.' (Sahih Al-Bukhâri, Vol.2, Hadîth No.797).

[3](V.2:191) Al-Fitnah: polytheism, to disbelieve after one has believed in Allâh, or a trial or a calamity or an affliction.

[4](V.2:191) Narrated Abu-Bakrah رضي الله عنه: The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم delivered to us a Khutbah (religious talk) on the day of Nahr (10th of Dhul Hijjah ). He said, 'Do you know what is the day today?' We said, 'Allâh and His Messenger know better.' He remained silent till we thought that he might give that day another name. He said, 'Isn’t it the day of Nahr ?' We said, 'It is.' He further asked, 'Which month is this?' We said, 'Allâh and His Messenger know better.' He remained silent till we thought that he might give it another name. He then said, 'Isn’t it the month of Dhul-Hijjah ?' We replied: 'Yes, it is.' He further asked, 'What town is this?' We replied, 'Allâh and His Messenger know it better.' He remained silent till we thought that he might give it another name. He then said, 'Isn’t it the forbidden (sacred) town (of Makkah)?' We said, 'Yes, it is.' He said, 'No doubt, your blood and your properties are sacred to one another like the sanctity of this day of yours, in this month of yours, in this town of yours, till the day you meet your Lord. No doubt! Haven’t I conveyed Allâh’s Message to you? We said, 'Yes.' He said, 'O Allâh! Be witness. So it is in incumbent upon those who are present to convey it (this information) to those who are absent because the informed one might comprehend it (what I have said) better than the present audience, who will convey it to him. Beware! Do not renegade (as) disbelievers after me by striking the necks (cutting the throats) of one another.' (Sahih Al-Bukhâri, Vol.2, Hadîth No.797).

Kill them whenever you confront them and drive them out from where they drove you out. (For though killing is sinful) wrongful persecution is even worse than killing.[1] Do not fight against them near the Holy Mosque unless they fight against you; but if they fight against you kill them, for that is the reward of such unbelievers.

— A. Maududi (Tafhim commentary)

[1]Here the word fitnah is used in the sense of 'persecution'. It refers to a situation whereby either a person or a group is subjected to harassment and intimidation for having accepted, as true, a set of ideas contrary to those currently held, and for striving to effect reforms in the existing order of society by preaching what is good and condemning what is wrong. Such a situation must be changed, if need be, by the force of arms. Bloodshed is bad, but when one group of people imposes its ideology and forcibly prevents others from accepting the truth, then it becomes guilty of an even more serious crime. In such circumstances, it is perfectly legitimate to remove that oppressive group by the force of arms.

And slay them wherever ye find them, and drive them out of the places whence they drove you out, for persecution is worse than slaughter. And fight not with them at the Inviolable Place of Worship until they first attack you there, but if they attack you (there) then slay them. Such is the reward of disbelievers.

— M. Pickthall

And slay them wherever ye catch them, and turn them out from where they have Turned you out; for tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter; but fight them not at the Sacred Mosque, unless they (first) fight you there; but if they fight you, slay them. Such is the reward of those who suppress faith.

— A. Yusuf Ali

ان سے لڑو جہاں بھی تمہارا ان سے مقابلہ پیش آئے اور انہیں نکالو جہاں سے انہوں نے تم کو نکالا ، اس لئے کہ قتل اگرچہ برا ہے ، مگر فتنہ اس سے بھی زیادہ برا ہے ۔ اور مسجد حرام کے قریب جب تک وہ تم سے نہ لڑیں تم بھی نہ لڑو۔ مگر جب وہ وہاں لرنے سے نہ چوکیں تو تم بھی بےتکلف انہیں مارو کہ ایسے کافروں کی یہی سزا ہے ۔

— Fe Zilal al-Qur'an

ان سے لڑو جہاں بھی تمہارا ان سے مقابلہ پیش آئے اور انھیں نکالو جہاں سے انھوں نے تم کو نکالا ہے، اس لیے کہ قتل اگرچہ بُرا ہے، مگر فتنہ اس سے زیادہ بُرا ہے۔[1] اور مسجد حرام کے قریب جب تک وہ تم سے نہ لڑیں ، تم بھی نہ لڑو، مگر جب وہ وہاں لڑنے سے نہ چوکیں، تو تم بھی بے تکلف انھیں مارو کہ ایسے کافروں کی یہی سزا ہے

— Tafheem e Qur'an - Syed Abu Ali Maududi

[1]یہاں فتنے کا لفظ اُسی معنی میں استعمال ہوا ہے ، جس میں انگریزی کا لفظ (Persecution) استعمال ہوتا ہے، یعنی کسی گروہ یا شخص کو  محض اس بنا پر ظلم و ستم کا نشانہ بنانا کہ اس نے رائج الوقت خیالات و نظریات کی  جگہ کچھ دُوسرے خیالات و نظریات کو حق پا کر قبول کر لیاہے اور وہ تنقید و تبلیغ  کے ذریعے سے سوسائٹی کے موجود الوقت نظام میں اصلاح کی کوشش کرتا ہے۔ آیت کا منشا  یہ ہے کہ بلا شبہہ انسانی خون بہانا بہت بُرا فعل ہے ، لیکن جب کوئی انسانی گروہ  زبردستی اپنا فکری استبداد دُوسروں پر مسلّط کرے اور لوگگوں کو قبولِ حق  سے بجبر روکے اور اصلاح و تغیر کی جائز و معقول  کوششوں کا مقابلہ دلائل سے کرنے کے بجائے حیوانی طاقت سے کرنے لگے ، تو وہ قتل کی  بہ نسبت زیادہ سخت بُرائی کا ارتکاب کرتا ہے اور ایسے گروہ کو بزورِ شمشیر ہٹا  دینا بالکل جائز ہے۔

انہیں مارو جہاں بھی پاؤ اور انہیں نکالو جہاں سے انہوں نے تمہیں نکاﻻ ہے اور (سنو) فتنہ قتل سے زیاده سخت ہے[1] اور مسجد حرام کے پاس ان سے لڑائی نہ کرو جب تک کہ یہ خود تم سے نہ لڑیں، اگر یہ تم سے لڑیں تو تم بھی انہیں مارو[2] کافروں کا بدلہ یہی ہے۔

— Maulana Muhammad Junagarhi

[1]مکہ میں مسلمان چوں کہ کمزور اور منتشر تھے، اس لئے کفار سے قتال ممنوع تھا، ہجرت کے بعد مسلمانوں کی ساری قوت مدینہ میں مجتمع ہوگئی تو پھر ان کو جہاد کی اجازت دے دی گئی۔ ابتداء میں آپ صرف ان ہی سے لڑتے جو مسلمانوں سے لڑنے میں پہل کرتے، اس کے بعد اس میں مزید توسیع کردی گئی اور مسلمانوں نے حسب ضرورت کفار کے علاقوں میں بھی جا کر جہاد کیا۔ قرآن کریم نے«اعْتِدَاءٌ» (زیادتی کرنے) سے منع فرمایا، اس لئے نبی کریم (صلى الله عليه وسلم) نے اپنے لشکر کو تاکید فرماتے کہ خیانت، بدعہدی اور مثلہ نہ کرنا، نہ بچوں، عورتوں اور گرجوں میں مصروف عبادت درویشوں کو قتل کرنا۔ اسی طرح درختوں کے جلانے اور حیوانات کو بغیر کسی مصلحت کے مارنے سے بھی منع فرماتے (ابن کثیر۔ بحوالہ صحیح مسلم وغیرہ) «حَيْثُ ثَقِفْتُمُوهُمْ» (جہاں بھی پاؤ) کا مطلب ہے ”تَمَكَّنْتُمْ مِنْ قِتَالِهِم“ ان کو قتل کرنے کی قدرت تمہیں حاصل ہوجائے (ایسرالتفاسیر) «مِنْ حَيْثُ أَخْرَجُوكُمْ» یعنی جس طرح کفار نے تمہیں مکہ سے نکالا تھا، اسی طرح تم بھی ان کو مکہ سے نکال باہر کرو۔ چنانچہ فتح مکہ کے بعد جو لوگ مسلمان نہیں ہوئے انہیں مدت معاہدہ ختم ہونے کے بعد وہاں سے نکل جانے کا حکم دے دیا گیا۔ فتنہ سے مراد، کفر وشرک ہے۔ یہ قتل سے بھی زیادہ سخت ہے، اس لئے اس کو ختم کرنے کے لئے جہاد سے گریز نہیں کرنا چاہیے۔

[2]حدود حرم میں قتال منع ہے، لیکن اگر کفار اس کی حرمت کو ملحوظ نہ رکھیں اور تم سے لڑیں تو تمہیں بھی ان سے لڑنے کی اجازت ہے۔

اور ان کو جہاں پاؤ قتل کردو اور جہاں سے انہوں نے تم کو نکالا ہے (یعنی مکے سے) وہاں سے تم بھی ان کو نکال دو۔ اور (دین سے گمراہ کرنے کا) فساد قتل وخونریزی سے کہیں بڑھ کر ہے اور جب تک وہ تم سے مسجد محترم (یعنی خانہ کعبہ) کے پاس نہ لڑیں تم بھی وہاں ان سے نہ لڑنا۔ ہاں اگر وہ تم سے لڑیں تو تم ان کو قتل کرڈالو۔ کافروں کی یہی سزا ہے

— Fatah Muhammad Jalandhari

اور انہیں قتل کرو جہاں کہیں بھی انہیں پاؤ اور نکالو ان کو وہاں سے جہاں سے انہوں نے تم کو نکالا ہے اور فتنہ قتل سے بھی بڑھ کر ہے ہاں مسجد حرام کے پاس (جسے امن کی جگہ بنا دیا گیا ہے) ان سے جنگ مت کرو جب تک وہ تم سے اس میں جنگ نہ چھیڑیں یہی بدلہ ہے کافروں کا۔

—(( بیان القرآن (ڈاکٹر اسرار احمد)

اور مار ڈالو ان کو جس جگہ پاؤ اور نکال دو ان کو جہاں سے انہوں نے تم کو نکالا [1] اور دین سے بچلانا مار ڈالنے سے بھی زیادہ سخت ہے [2] اور نہ لڑو ان سے مسجدالحرام کے پاس جب تک کہ وہ نہ لڑیں تم سے اس جگہ پھر اگر وہ خود ہی لڑیں تم سےتو ان کو مارو یہی ہے سزا کافروں کی [3]

— Shaykh al-Hind Mahmud al-Hasan(with Tafsir E Usmani)

[1]یعنی مکہ ضرور جائے امن ہے لیکن جب انہوں نے ابتداء کی اور تم پر ظلم کیا اور ایمان لانے پر دشمنی کرنے لگے کہ یہ بات مار ڈالنے سے بھی سخت ہے تو اب ان کو امان نہ رہی جہاں پاؤ  مارو آخر جب مکہ فتح ہوا تو آپ نے یہی فرما دیا کہ جو ہتھیار سامنے کرے اسی کو مارو اور باقی سب کو امن دیا۔

[2]حرم میں قتال کا حکم:جس جگہ پاؤ یعنی حرم میں ہوں خواہ غیر حرم میں جہاں سے تم کو نکالا یعنی مکہ سے۔

[3]فتنہ پھیلانا قتل سے بڑا گناہ ہے:یعنی دین سے پھر جانا یا دوسرے کو پھرانا مہینہ حرام کے اندر مار ڈالنے سے بہت بڑا گناہ ہے مطلب یہ کہ حرم مکہ میں کفار کا شرک کرنا اور کرانا زیادہ قبیح ہے حرم میں مقاتلہ کرنے سے تو اب اے مسلمانو تم کچھ اندیشہ نہ کرو اور جواب ترکی بہ ترکی دو۔

اور قتل کرو ان کو جس جگہ پاؤ اور نکال دو ان کو جہاں سے انھوں نے تم کو نکالا ہےاور فتنہ سخت تر ہے قتل سے اور ان سے مسجد حرام کے پاس نہ لڑو جب تک کہ وہ تم سے اس میں جنگ نہ چھیڑیں  پس اگر وہ تم سے جنگ چھیڑیں تو ان کو قتل کرو یہی سزا ہے منکروں  کی

— Maulana Wahiduddin Khan

Unse lado jahan bhi tumhara unse muqabla pesh aaye aur unhein nikalo jahan se unhon ne tumko nikala hai, isliye ke qatal agarche bura hai, magar fitna issey bhi zyada bura hai aur masjid e haraam ke kareeb jab tak woh tumse na ladein tum bhi na lado, magar jab woh wahan ladne se na chukein, to tum bhi be-takalluf unhein maro ke aise kafrion ki yahi saza hai

— Abul Ala Maududi(Roman Urdu)


2:192

فَإِنِ ٱنتَهَوْا۟ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورٌۭ رَّحِيمٌۭ ١٩٢

But if they cease, then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

— Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran

But if they desist, then indeed, Allah is Most-Forgiving, Very- Merciful.

 — T. Usmani

And if they cease, then indeed, Allāh is Forgiving and Merciful.

— Saheeh International

 192. But if they cease, then Allâh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

— Al-Hilali & Khan

but if they stop, then God is most forgiving and merciful.

— M.A.S. Abdel Haleem

Then if they desist, know well that Allah is Ever-Forgiving, Most Compassionate.[1]

— A. Maududi (Tafhim commentary)

[1]God, in whom the believers have faith, is forgiving and ready to pardon even the worst criminals and sinners after they have renounced their arrogant defiance towards Him. It is suggested that this attribute of God should be reflected in the behaviour of the believers as well. As the saying goes: 'Mould your morals according to the attributes of God.' Hence, Whenever the believers have to resort to armed conflict, they should do so not for the sake of quenching their thirst for vengeance but in the cause of God's religion. Their conflict with any group should last only as long as that group resists the cause of God. As soon as it gives up this resistance hostility should cease.

But if they desist, then lo! Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.

— M. Pickthall

But if they cease, Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.

— A. Yusuf Ali

پھر اگر وہ باز آجائیں تو جان لو کہ اللہ معاف کرنے والا رحم فرمانے والا ہے ۔

— Fe Zilal al-Qur'an

پھر اگر وہ باز آجائیں، تو جان لو کہ اللہ معاف کرنے والا اور رحم فرمانے والاہے۔[1]

— Tafheem e Qur'an - Syed Abu Ali Maududi

[1]یعنی تم جس خدا پر ایمان لائے ہو، اس کی صفت یہ ہے کہ بدتر سے بدتر مجرم اور  گناہ گار کو بھی معاف کر دیتا ہے، جبکہ وہ اپنی باغیانہ روش سے باز آجائے ۔ یہی  صفت تم اپنے اندر بھی پیدا کرو۔ تخلّقو ا با خلاق اللہ ۔تمہاری لڑائی انتقام کی پیاس بُجھانے کے لیے نہ ہو بلکہ خدا کے دین کا راستہ  صاف کرنے کے لیے ہو۔ جب تک کوئی گروہ راہِ خدا میں مزاحم رہے، بس اُسی وقت تک اس  سے تمہاری لڑائی  بھی رہے، اور جب وہ اپنا  رویہ چھوڑ دے، تو تمہارا ہاتھ بھِ پھر اُس پر نہ اُٹھے۔

اور اگر وہ باز آجائیں تو خدا بخشنے والا (اور) رحم کرنے والا ہے

— Fatah Muhammad Jalandhari

اگر یہ باز آجائیں تو اللہ تعالیٰ بخشنے واﻻ مہربان ہے۔

— Maulana Muhammad Junagarhi

پھر اگر وہ باز آجائیں تو یقیناً اللہ بخشنے والا بہت مہربان ہے

— ((بیان القرآن (ڈاکٹر اسرار احمد)

پھر اگر وہ باز آئیں تو بیشک اللہ بہت بخشنے والا نہایت مہربان ہے [1]

— Shaykh al-Hind Mahmud al-Hasan(with Tafsir E Usmani)

[1]یعنی باوجود ان سب باتوں کے اگر اب بھی مسلمان ہوں اور شرک سے باز آئیں تو توبہ قبول ہے۔

پھر اگر وہ بازآ جائیں تو اللہ بخشنے والا، مہربان ہے

— Maulana Wahiduddin Khan

Phir agar woh baaz aa jayein, to jaan lo ke Allah maaf karne wala aur reham farmane wala hai

— Abul Ala Maududi(Roman Urdu)


2:193

وَقَـٰتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّىٰ لَا تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌۭ وَيَكُونَ ٱلدِّينُ لِلَّهِ ۖ فَإِنِ ٱنتَهَوْا۟ فَلَا عُدْوَٰنَ إِلَّا عَلَى ٱلظَّـٰلِمِينَ ١٩٣

Fight against them ˹if they persecute you˺ until there is no more persecution, and ˹your˺ devotion will be to Allah ˹alone˺. If they stop ˹persecuting you˺, let there be no hostility except against the aggressors.

— Dr. Mustafa Khattab, The Clear Quran

Fight them until there is no Fitnah any more, and obedience remains for Allah. But, if they desist, then aggression is not allowed except against the transgressors.

— T. Usmani

Fight them until there is no [more] fitnah and [until] religion [i.e., worship] is [acknowledged to be] for Allāh. But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression [i.e., assault] except against the oppressors.

— Saheeh International

And fight them until there is no more Fitnah (disbelief and worshipping of others along with Allâh) and (all and every kind of) worship is for Allâh (Alone).[1] But if they cease, let there be no transgression except against Az-Zâlimûn (the polytheists, and wrong-doers)

— Al-Hilali & Khan

[1](A) (V.2:193) Narrated Ibn ‘Umar رضي الله عنهما: Allâh’s Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم said, 'I have been ordered (by Allâh) to fight against the people till they testify that Lâ ilâha illallâh wa Anna Muhammad-ur-Rasûl Allâh (none has the right to be worshipped but Allâh عز وجل and that Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is the Messenger of Allâh), and perform As-Salât (Iqâmat-as-Salât) and give Zakât , so if they perform all that, then they save their lives, and properties from me except for Islâmic laws, and their reckoning (accounts) will be with (done by) Allâh.' (Sahih Al-Bukhâri, Vol.1, Hadîth No.24).(B) See (V.8:39) and its footnote.

[2](A) (V.2:193) Narrated Ibn ‘Umar رضي الله عنهما: Allâh’s Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم said, 'I have been ordered (by Allâh) to fight against the people till they testify that Lâ ilâha illallâh wa Anna Muhammad-ur-Rasûl Allâh (none has the right to be worshipped but Allâh عز وجل and that Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم is the Messenger of Allâh), and perform As-Salât (Iqâmat-as-Salât) and give Zakât , so if they perform all that, then they save their lives, and properties from me except for Islâmic laws, and their reckoning (accounts) will be with (done by) Allâh.' (Sahih Al-Bukhâri, Vol.1, Hadîth No.24).(B) See (V.8:39) and its footnote.

Fight them until there is no more persecution, and worship is devoted to God. If they cease hostilities, there can be no [further] hostility, except towards aggressors.

— M.A.S. Abdel Haleem

Keep on fighting against them until mischief ends and the way prescribed by Allah prevails.[1] But if they desist, then know that hostility is directed only against the wrong-doers.[2]

— A. Maududi (Tafhim commentary)

[1]Here the term fitnah is used in a different sense from the one in which it was used above see( verse 191). It is evident from the context that fitnah refers here to the state of affairs wherein the object of obedience is someone other than God. Hence the purpose of a believer's fighting is that this fitnah should cease and obedience should be consecrated to God alone. An investigation of the usages of the word din (which occurs in this verse) reveals that the core of its meaning is obedience. In its technical usage, the word refers to that system of life which arises as a result of a person recognizing someone as his Lord and Sovereign and committing himself to following his commands and ordinances. This explanation of the word din makes it quite clear that when some human beings establish their godhead and absolute dominance over others, this state of affairs is one of fitnah. Islam seeks to put an end to this and replace it by a state of affairs in which people live in obedience to the laws of God alone.

[2]What is meant here by 'desisting' is not the abandonment of unbelief and polytheism on the part of the unbelievers but rather their desistance from active hostility to the religion enjoined by God. The unbeliever, the polytheist, the atheist, has each been, empowered to hold on to his beliefs and to worship who and whatever he wishes. In order to deliver these people from their error, Muslims are required to counsel them and tell them where their good lies. But Muslims ought not to try to achieve this purpose by resorting to force. At the same time, these misguided people have no right to either enforce the false laws of their own contriving instead of the laws of God or to drive the people of God to bondage of others than God. In order to put an end to this fitnah, both persuasion and force be used, whenever and to the extent to which each of the two is needed, and a true believer will not rest until the unbelievers give up this fitnah. The statement that hostility is meant only against wrong-doers seems to imply that when the true system of life replaces the false one, ordinary people should be granted a general amnesty. At the same time, however, it would be justifiable to punish those who exceeded all limits in their hostility to the Truth, at the time when they held the reins of power. Yet in dealing with such people, it becomes the true believers, after they have one final victory, to adopt a general attitude of forgiveness and tolerance towards the vanquished rather than subject them to revenge for the wrongs they committed in the past. Those criminals whose records were exceptionally bad could, however, be punished. The Prophet (peace be on him), availed himself of this permission in respect of some notorious enemies whose hostility had exceeded all limits, even though pardon and forgiveness behoved none more than him. Thus 'Uqbah ibn Abi Mu'avt and Nadr b. Harith from among the captives of the Battle of Badr were put to death and when a general amnesty, was proclaimed after the conquest of Makka four out of seventeen persons were executed. (See Ibn Hisham, vol. 1, p. 644 and vol. 2, pp. 409 ff. - Ed.) These acts were based on the permission to put to the sword those who have been conspicuously ruthless in their hostility to Islam and the Muslims.

And fight them until persecution is no more, and religion is for Allah. But if they desist, then let there be no hostility except against wrong-doers.

— M. Pickthall

And fight them on until there is no more Tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah; but if they cease, Let there be no hostility except to those who practise oppression.

— A. Yusuf Ali

تم ان سے لڑتے رہو ، یہاں تک کہ فتنہ باقی نہ رہے اور دین اللہ کے لئے ہوجائے ۔ پھر اگر وہ باز آجائیں تو سمجھ لو کہ ظالموں کے سوا اور کسی پر دست درازی جائز نہیں۔

— Fe Zilal al-Qur'an

تم ان سے لڑتے رہو یہاں تک کہ فتنہ باقی نہ رہے اور دین اللہ کے لیے ہو جائے۔[1] پھر اگر وہ باز آجائیں ، تو سمجھ لو کہ ظالموں کے سوا اور کسی پر دست درازی روا نہیں۔[2]

— Tafheem e Qur'an - Syed Abu Ali Maududi

[1]یہاں فتنہ کا لفظ اُوپر کے معنی سے ذرا مختلف معنی میں استعمال ہوا ہے۔ سیاق و  سباق سے صاف ظاہر ہے کہ اس مقام پر ” فتنے“ سے مراد وہ حالت ہے جس میں دین اللہ کے  بجائے کسی اور کے لیے ہو، اور لڑائی کا مقصد یہ ہے کہ یہ فتنہ ختم ہو جائے اور دین  صرف اللہ کے لیے ہو۔ پھر جب ہم لفظ”دین“ کی تحقیق کرتے ہیں تو معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ  عربی زبان میں دین کے معنی” اطاعت“ کے ہیں اور اصطلاحاً اس سے مراد وہ نظام ِ  زندگی ہے جو کسی کو بالاتر مان کر اُس کے احکام و قوانین کی پیروی میں اختیار کیا  جائے۔ پس دین کی اس تشریح سے یہ بات خود واضح ہو جاتی ہے کہ سوسائٹی کی وہ حالت ،  جس میں بندوں پر بندوں کی خدائی و فرماں روائی قائم ہو، اور جس میں اللہ کے قانون  کے مطابق زندگی بسر کرنا ممکن نہ رہے، فتنے کی حالت ہے اور اسلامی جنگ کا مِطمح  نظر یہ ہے کہ اس فتنے کی جگہ ایسی حالت قائم ہو، جس میں بندے صرف قانونِ الہٰی کے  مطیع بن کر رہیں۔

[2]باز آجانے سے مراد کافروں کا اپنے کفر و شرک سے باز آجانا  نہیں، بلکہ فتنہ سے باز آجانا ہے۔ کافر، مشرک، دہریے، ہر ایک کو اختیار ہے کہ اپنا  جو عقیدہ رکھتا ہے، رکھے اور جس کی چاہے عبادت کرے یا کسی کی نہ کرے۔ اس گمراہی سے  اس کو نکالنے کے لیے ہم اسے فہمائش اور نصیحت کریں گے مگر اس سے لڑیں گے نہیں۔  لیکن اُسے یہ حق ہر گز نہیں ہے کہ خدا کی زمین پر خدا کے قانون کے بجائے اپنے باطل  قوانین جاری کرے اور خدا کے بندوں کو غیر از خدا کسی کا بندہ بنائے۔ اس فتنے کو  دفع کرنے کے لیے حسبِ موقع اور حسب ِ امکان، تبلیغ اور شمشیر، دونوں سے کام لیا  جائے گا اور مومن اس وقت تک چین سے نہ بیٹھے گا ، جب تک کفّار اپنے اس فتنے سے باز  نہ آجائیں۔ 

                        اور یہ جو فرمایا کہ اگر وہ باز آجائیں، تو ”ظالموں کے  سوا کسی پر دست درازی نہ کرو“ ، تو اس سے یہ اشارہ نکلتا ہے  کہ جب نظامِ باطل کی جگہ نظامِ حق قائم ہو  جائے، تو عام لوگوں کو تو معاف کر دیا جائے گا، لیکن ایسے لوگوں کو سزا دینے میں  اہلِ حق بالکل حق بجانب ہوں گے، جنہوں نے اپنے دَورِ اقتدار میں  نظامِ حق کا راستہ روکنے کے لیے ظلم و ستم کی  حد کر دی ہو، اگرچہ اس معاملے میں بھی مومنینِ صالحین کو زیب یہی دیتا ہے کہ عفو و  درگزر سے کام لیں اور فتحیاب ہو کر ظالموں سے انتقام نہ لیں۔ مگر جن کے جرائم کی  فہرست بہت ہی زیادہ سیاہ ہو اُن کو سزا دینا بالکل جائز ہے اور اس اجازت سے خود  نبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے فائدہ اُٹھایا ہے ، جن سے بڑھ کر عفو و درگزر کسی کے  شایانِ شان نہ تھا۔ چنانچہ جنگِ بدر کے قیدیوں میں سے عُقْبہ بن ابی مُعَیط اور  نَضْر بن حارث کا قتل اور فتح ِ مکہ کے بعد آپ کا 17 آدمیوں کو عفوِ عام سے  مستثنیٰ فرمانا اور پھر ان میں سے چار کو سزائے موت دینا اسی اجازت پر مبنی تھا۔

ان سے لڑو جب تک کہ فتنہ نہ مٹ جائے اور اللہ تعالیٰ کا دین غالب نہ آجائے، اگر یہ رک جائیں (تو تم بھی رک جاؤ) زیادتی تو صرف ﻇالموں پر ہی ہے۔

— Maulana Muhammad Junagarhi

اور ان سے اس وقت تک لڑتے رہنا کہ فساد نابود ہوجائے اور (ملک میں) خدا ہی کا دین ہوجائے اور اگر وہ (فساد سے) باز آجائیں تو ظالموں کے سوا کسی پر زیادتی نہیں (کرنی چاہیئے)

— Fatah Muhammad Jalandhari

اور لڑو ان سے یہاں تک کہ فتنہ باقی نہ رہے اور دین اللہ کا ہوجائے پھر اگر وہ باز آجائیں تو کوئی زیادتی جائز نہیں ہے مگر ظالموں پر

— ((بیان القرآن (ڈاکٹر اسرار احمد)

اور لڑو ان سے یہاں تک کہ نہ باقی رہے فساد اور حکم رہے خدا تعالیٰ ہی کا پھر اگر وہ باز آئیں تو کسی پر زیادتی نہیں مگر ظالموں پر [1]

— Shaykh al-Hind Mahmud al-Hasan(with Tafsir E Usmani)

[1]یعنی کافروں سے لڑائی اسی واسطے ہے کہ ظلم موقوف ہو اور کسی کو دین سے گمراہ نہ کر سکیں اور خاص اللہ ہی کا حکم جاری رہے سو وہ جب شرک سے باز آ جائیں تو زیادتی سوائے ظالموں کے اور کسی پر نہیں یعنی جو بدی سے باز  آ گئے وہ اب ظالم نہ رہے تو اب ان پر زیادتی بھی مت کرو ہاں جو فتنہ سے باز نہ رہیں ان کو شوق سے قتل کرو۔

اور ان سے جنگ کرو یہاں تک کہ فتنہ باقی نہ رہے اور دین اللہ کا ہوجائے، پھر اگر وہ باز آجائیں تو اس کے بعد سختی نہیں ہے مگر ظالموں پر

— Maulana Wahiduddin Khan

[https://quran.com/2/190-193]






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Sunday, 20 August 2023

Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام), the excellent example

 

قَدۡ كَانَتۡ لَـكُمۡ اُسۡوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ فِىۡۤ اِبۡرٰهِيۡمَ وَالَّذِيۡنَ مَعَهٗ​ۚ اِذۡ قَالُوۡا لِقَوۡمِهِمۡ اِنَّا بُرَءٰٓؤُا مِنۡكُمۡ وَمِمَّا تَعۡبُدُوۡنَ مِنۡ دُوۡنِ اللّٰهِ كَفَرۡنَا بِكُمۡ وَبَدَا بَيۡنَنَا وَبَيۡنَكُمُ الۡعَدَاوَةُ وَالۡبَغۡضَآءُ اَبَدًا حَتّٰى تُؤۡمِنُوۡا بِاللّٰهِ وَحۡدَهٗۤ اِلَّا قَوۡلَ اِبۡرٰهِيۡمَ لِاَبِيۡهِ لَاَسۡتَغۡفِرَنَّ لَـكَ وَمَاۤ اَمۡلِكُ لَـكَ مِنَ اللّٰهِ مِنۡ شَىۡءٍ ​ؕ رَبَّنَا عَلَيۡكَ تَوَكَّلۡنَا وَاِلَيۡكَ اَنَـبۡنَا وَاِلَيۡكَ الۡمَصِيۡرُ‏ ٤ رَبَّنَا لَا تَجۡعَلۡنَا فِتۡنَةً لِّلَّذِيۡنَ كَفَرُوۡا وَاغۡفِرۡ لَـنَا رَبَّنَا​ ۚ اِنَّكَ اَنۡتَ الۡعَزِيۡزُ الۡحَكِيۡمُ‏ ٥ لَقَدۡ كَانَ لَـكُمۡ فِيۡهِمۡ اُسۡوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ لِّمَنۡ كَانَ يَرۡجُوا اللّٰهَ وَالۡيَوۡمَ الۡاٰخِرَ​ ؕ وَمَنۡ يَّتَوَلَّ فَاِنَّ اللّٰهَ هُوَ الۡغَنِىُّ الۡحَمِيۡدُ‏  ٦

You already have an excellent example in Abraham and those with him, when they said to their people, “We totally dissociate ourselves from you and ˹shun˺ whatever ˹idols˺ you worship besides Allah. We reject you. The enmity and hatred that has arisen between us and you will last until you believe in Allah alone.” The only exception is when Abraham said to his father, “I will seek forgiveness for you,˹” adding, “but˺ I cannot protect you from Allah at all.” ˹The believers prayed,˺ “Our Lord! In You we trust. And to You we ˹always˺ turn. And to You is the final return. Our Lord! Do not subject us to the persecution of the disbelievers. Forgive us, our Lord! You ˹alone˺ are truly the Almighty, All-Wise.” You certainly have an excellent example in them for whoever has hope in Allah and the Last Day. But whoever turns away, then surely Allah ˹alone˺ is the Self-Sufficient, Praiseworthy.

[Al-Quran 60:4-6, Translation: Dr Mustafa Khattab]

Surah al-Mumtahhina (the (woman) to be examined) begins with the command to the believers to not take Allah's enemies and their enemies as friends. The Surah reminds the believers of the excellent example they already have in Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) and those with him. The term اُسۡوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ occurs twice in this surah, and once in Surah al-Ahzaab (the confederates) where it states that in Allah's Messenger is an excellent example (Q33:21). 

The term اُسۡوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ begins with the word اُسۡوَةٌ , which shares the root أ س و forming words meaning grieve. 

Both Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) and Muhammad  strove for Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى , migrated, and fought many wars for Allah's Deen, eventually purifying Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى 's ancient house and the masjid around it.   

The Quran highlights the essential qualities and events of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام)'s life, and terms it as the example of excellence (اُسۡوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ). The following are the ayaat in the order they appear in The Quran, so that some things from later on in his life are quoted before, and some earlier events of great significance are mentioned later on. 

The proper noun ib'rāhīm (إِبْرَاهِيم) occurs 69 times in the Quran. 

The first fifteen mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occurs in Surah al-Baqarah, and comes along with the mention of Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى 's  house, and along with his prayer for a Messenger (Muhammad ) from his progeny, who are being settled in that land. 

  1. Q2:124 Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) is tested because Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى is going to appoint him as an Imam. 
  2. Q2:125 reminds of when The House (Kaaba) was appointed a place of return for the people and a sanctuary; we have been commanded to take the place Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) stood as the place to establish prayer. 
  3. Q2:125 Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) and his son Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) were covenanted with purifying Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى 's House: for those who perform tawaaf, for those who stay for itekaaf, and for those who bow and prostrate.  
  4. Q2:126 Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) prays for the security of the land and rizq of fruits for the believers who dwell there. Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى responds that He will grant even to the disbeliever, temporarily, but eventually the disbeliever will be forced into the punishment for the fire. 
  5. Q2:127 reminds of when Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) was raising the foundation of the Kaaba, along with his son Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام), and they were praying that this service be accepted of them. The next few ayaat quote their duas for themselves and their progeny: that they be muslims (submitting) to Allah, and from their progeny a Muslim Ummah (اُمَّةً مُّسۡلِمَةً) submitting to Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى , that they be shown their rites and rituals (وَاَرِنَا مَنَاسِكَنَا), and that their repentance be accepted (وَتُبۡ عَلَيۡنَا), because 'indeed You are the Accepter of Repentance, the Merciful (اِنَّكَ اَنۡتَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيۡمُ‏ )'. They pray that (رَبَّنَا وَابۡعَثۡ فِيۡهِمۡ رَسُوۡلًا مِّنۡهُمۡ يَتۡلُوۡا عَلَيۡهِمۡ اٰيٰتِكَ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ الۡكِتٰبَ وَالۡحِكۡمَةَ وَ يُزَكِّيۡهِمۡ​ؕ اِنَّكَ اَنۡتَ الۡعَزِيۡزُ الۡحَكِيۡمُ‏ ١٢٩) a Messenger be raised among them who will recite to them Allah's revelations, teach them The Book, and Wisdom, and do their tazkiya (purify their nafs (for growth)).   
  6. Q2:130 asks: (وَمَنۡ يَّرۡغَبُ عَنۡ مِّلَّةِ اِبۡرٰهٖمَ اِلَّا مَنۡ سَفِهَ نَفۡسَهٗ ​ؕ وَلَقَدِ اصۡطَفَيۡنٰهُ فِى الدُّنۡيَا ​ۚ وَاِنَّهٗ فِى الۡاٰخِرَةِ لَمِنَ الصّٰلِحِيۡنَ‏  ١٣٠) who would reject the faith of Abraham except who fools his own nafs? Allah chose him in this dunya (literally: the lowly), and in the hereafter he will among the reformed ones. Q2:131 informs that: (اِذۡ قَالَ لَهٗ رَبُّهٗۤ اَسۡلِمۡ​ۙ قَالَ اَسۡلَمۡتُ لِرَبِّ الۡعٰلَمِيۡنَ‏  ١٣١) when his Lord commanded him to submit, he submitted to the Lord of the Worlds. 
  7. Q2:132 quotes the Will (وَصّٰى) of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) to his sons, and Jacob (Yaqub عليه السلام)'s as well: 'Allah has chosen you for His Deen, so do not die except as Muslims (يٰبَنِىَّ اِنَّ اللّٰهَ اصۡطَفٰى لَـكُمُ الدِّيۡنَ فَلَا تَمُوۡتُنَّ اِلَّا وَاَنۡـتُمۡ مُّسۡلِمُوۡنَؕ‏‏  ١٣٢)'
  8. Q2:133 quotes the conversation between Jacob (Yaqub عليه السلام) and his sons at the time of his death when he asks them who they will worship after him. They reply that: 'We will worship your God and the God of your fathers, Abraham , Ishmael and Isaac: One God, and to Him we are Muslims'. The next ayat clarifies that they are an ummah that have passed away, for them what they earned, for us what we earn, and we will not be questioned about them.    
  9. Q2:135 directs that when you are asked to become Jews or Christians, so as to be guided, reply that you follow the faith of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) who was a monotheist, not a polytheist (قُلۡ بَلۡ مِلَّةَ اِبۡرٰهٖمَ حَنِيۡفًا ​ؕ وَمَا كَانَ مِنَ الۡمُشۡرِكِيۡنَ‏ ١٣٥). 
  10. Q2:136 furthermore, say that: “We believe in Allah and what has been revealed to us; and what was revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and his descendants; and what was given to Moses, Jesus, and other prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them. And to Allah we all submit.”.
  11. Q2:140 refutes the claim that 'Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and his descendants were all Jews or Christians'. The ayat goes on to state: 'Say, “Who is more knowledgeable: you or Allah?” Who does more wrong than those who hide the testimony they received from Allah? And Allah is never unaware of what you do.' The next few Ruku discuss the qibla, and several other topics, till they reach the grand Ayat-ul-Kursi and the next two ayaat (Q2:255-257) .   
  12. Q2:258 mentions the person who argued with Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) simply because Allah had granted him a kingdom.  
  13. Q2:258 reminds when Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) said to him that my Lord grants life and death, he retorted that he also grants life and death. 
  14. Q2:258 'Abraham challenged ˹him˺, “Allah causes the sun to rise from the east. So make it rise from the west.” And so the disbeliever was dumbstruck. And Allah does not guide the wrongdoing people.'  
  15. Q2:260 mentions when Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) asked 'My Lord! Show me how you give life to the dead.” Allah responded, “Do you not believe?” Abraham replied, “Yes I do, but just so my heart can be reassured.” ' So Allah gave him some evidence. 


The next seven mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah Aal-e-Imran

  1. Q3:33 states that 'Indeed, Allāh chose Adam and Noah and the family of Abraham and the family of ʿImrān over the worlds -' the next ayat states: 'Descendants, some of them from others. And Allāh is Hearing and Knowing.' The surah goes on to relate the story of Mary (Maryam عليها السلام) daughter of Imran. She was chosen by Allah سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى‎ above all women to be the mother of Jesus (Isa عليه السلام). Surah Aal-e-Imran and Surah Maryam are two surahs which describe the miraculous pregnancy, and the birth of Jesus (Isa عليه السلام), and his mission. 
  2. Q3:65 states that: 'O People of the Scripture, why do you argue about Abraham while the Torah and the Gospel were not revealed until after him? Then will you not reason?', and the next ayat goes on to state that: 'Here you are - those who have argued about that of which you have [some] knowledge, but why do you argue about that of which you have no knowledge? And Allāh knows, while you know not.'
  3. Q3:67 states that: 'Abraham was neither a Jew nor a Christian, but he was one inclining toward truth, a Muslim [submitting to Allāh]. And he was not of the polytheists.'
  4. Q3:68 states that: 'Indeed, the most worthy of Abraham among the people are those who followed him [in submission to Allāh] and this prophet [i.e., Muḥammad ()] and those who believe [in his message]. And Allāh is the Ally of the believers.'
  5. Q3:84 directs the believers to state: 'Say, "We have believed in Allāh and in what was revealed to us and what was revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the Descendants [al-Asbāṭ], and in what was given to Moses and Jesus and to the prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and we are Muslims [submitting] to Him."'
  6. Q3:95 states that: 'Say, "Allāh has told the truth. So follow the religion of Abraham, inclining toward truth; and he was not of the polytheists."' The next ayat mentions that the first house established for mankind was at Bakkah (Makkah), flourishing / full of blessings, and guidance for the worlds. 
  7. Q3:97 states that: 'In it are clear signs [such as] the standing place of Abraham. And whoever enters it [i.e., the Ḥaram] shall be safe. And [due] to Allāh from the people is a pilgrimage to the House - for whoever is able to find thereto a way. But whoever disbelieves [i.e., refuses] - then indeed, Allāh is free from need of the worlds.' 

The next four mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah an-Nisa. The very first ayat of the surah commands mankind to keep their duty towards Allah, and to keep their duty as regards the womb. 

  1. Q4:54 states that: 'Or do they envy people for what Allāh has given them of His bounty? But We had already given the family of Abraham the Scripture and wisdom and conferred upon them a great kingdom.' 
  2. Q4:125 states that: 'And who is better in religion than one who submits himself to Allāh while being a doer of good and follows the religion of Abraham, inclining toward truth? ...'
  3. Q4:125 continues to state that: '... And Allāh took Abraham as an intimate friend.'
  4. Q4:163 states that: 'Indeed, We have revealed to you, [O Muḥammad], as We revealed to Noah and the prophets after him. And We revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, the Descendants, Jesus, Job, Jonah, Aaron, and Solomon, and to David We gave the book [of Psalms].' and the next two ayaat state: 'And [We sent] messengers about whom We have related [their stories] to you before and messengers about whom We have not related to you. And Allāh spoke to Moses with [direct] speech.', '[We sent] messengers as bringers of good tidings and warners so that mankind will have no argument against Allāh after the messengers. And ever is Allāh Exalted in Might and Wise.'


The next four mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah al-An`am

  1. Q6:74 reminds: 'And (remember) when Ibrahim said to his father, Azar: "Do you (really) take idols as gods? I am afraid you and your people are in open error."' 
  2. Q6:75 informs: 'And thus We showed Ibrahim the kingdom of the heavens and the earth, so that he may be firm in belief.' The next few ayaat relate his sayings about the kaukab (planet), moon and sun, and then abandoning all, and declaring that he turns his face towards the Fatir (separator) of the heavens and earth, inclining towards the truth (Hanif), and that Allah alone is the only Rabb (Sustainer). He declares that he is not a polytheist. 
  3. Q6:83 states: 'And that is the proof from Us We gave to Ibrahim against his people. We raise in ranks whom We will. Surely, your Lord is Wise, Knowing.'
  4. Q6:161 states that: 'Say, “ As for me, my Lord has guided me to a straight path: the straight religion, the faith of Ibrahim, the upright: and he was not of those who associate partners with Allah. (قُلۡ اِنَّنِىۡ هَدٰٮنِىۡ رَبِّىۡۤ اِلٰى صِرَاطٍ مُّسۡتَقِيۡمٍ دِيۡنًا قِيَمًا مِّلَّةَ اِبۡرٰهِيۡمَ حَنِيۡفًا​ ۚ وَمَا كَانَ مِنَ الۡمُشۡرِكِيۡنَ‏ ١٦١).' 


The next three mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah at-Taubah. The surah begins with a declaration of war against the polytheistic city-state of Makkah, to whom Prophet Muhammad  had preached for over two decades.  

  1. Q9:70 questions: 'Has there not reached them the news of those before them, the people of Nuh (Noah) and ` Ad and Thamud and the people of Ibrahim and the people of Madyan, and (the news) of the towns overturned? Their messengers came to them with clear signs; so, Allah was not to wrong them, but they have been doing wrong to their own selves.'
  2. Q9:114 states that: 'And the prayer of Ibrahim for the forgiveness of his father was not but due to a promise he had made to him. Later when it became clear to him that he was an enemy of Allah, he withdrew himself from him. ...'
  3. Q9:114 continues to explain: '... Surely, Ibrahim is oft sighing (before Allah), forbearing.' 

Surah at-Taubah (Q9:36) defines the Deen (Law of Recompense) as: 

اِنَّ عِدَّةَ الشُّهُوۡرِ عِنۡدَ اللّٰهِ اثۡنَا عَشَرَ شَهۡرًا فِىۡ كِتٰبِ اللّٰهِ يَوۡمَ خَلَقَ السَّمٰوٰتِ وَالۡاَرۡضَ مِنۡهَاۤ اَرۡبَعَةٌ حُرُمٌ​ ؕ ذٰ لِكَ الدِّيۡنُ الۡقَيِّمُ ۙ فَلَا تَظۡلِمُوۡا فِيۡهِنَّ اَنۡفُسَكُمۡ​ ؕ وَقَاتِلُوا الۡمُشۡرِكِيۡنَ كَآفَّةً كَمَا يُقَاتِلُوۡنَكُمۡ كَآفَّةً​  ؕ وَاعۡلَمُوۡۤا اَنَّ اللّٰهَ مَعَ الۡمُتَّقِيۡنَ‏ ٣٦

Indeed, the number of months with Allāh is twelve [lunar] months in the register of Allāh [from] the day He created the heavens and the earth; of these, four are sacred. That is the correct religion [i.e., way], so do not wrong yourselves during them. And fight against the disbelievers collectively as they fight against you collectively. And know that Allāh is with the righteous [who fear Him].

[Al-Quran 9:36, Translation: Saheeh International]


The next four mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah Hud

  1. Q11:69 states that: 'And Our emissaries came to Ibrāhīm with the good news. They greeted him with “Salām (peace).” He said, “Salām.” Then he took not much time in bringing a roasted calf.' The next few ayaat go on to describe Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) reactions, first when he realised who they were (those who are sent with the decision of punishment) and for whom they had been sent (Q11:70); and then when they gave him and his wife the good news about a son, quoting his wife's astonishment (Q11:71-72), and the emissaries (messengers) reply: 'They said, “Do you marvel at Allah’s command? Allah’s mercy and His blessings have always been upon you, O people of the house. Surely, He is Praiseworthy, Glorious.”' (Q11:73). 
  2. Q11:74 informs that: 'So, when fear left Ibrāhīm and the happy news came to him, he started disputing with Us for the people of LūT.' 
  3. Q11:75 declares that: 'Surely, Ibrāhīm is forbearing, very penitent, ever-turning to Allah.
  4. Q11:76 quotes the emissaries (messengers) response: '“O Ibrāhīm! Leave it. In fact, the command of your Lord has come to pass, and there has to come upon them a punishment that cannot be averted.”' 

The next two mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah Yusuf.  

  1. Q12:4 quotes Jacob (Yaqub عليه السلام) interpreting Joseph (Yusuf عليه السلام)'s dream as: 'And so will your Lord choose you ˹O Joseph˺, and teach you the interpretation of dreams, and perfect His favour upon you and the descendants of Jacob—˹just˺ as He once perfected it upon your forefathers, Abraham and Isaac. Surely your Lord is All-Knowing, All-Wise.”'
  2. Q12:38 quotes Joseph (Yusuf عليه السلام)'s declaring to his prison-mates that: 'I follow the faith of my fathers: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It is not ˹right˺ for us to associate anything with Allah ˹in worship˺. This is part of Allah’s grace upon us and humanity, but most people are not grateful.'

Surah Yusuf (Q12:40) defines the Deen (Law of Recompense) as: 

مَا تَعۡبُدُوۡنَ مِنۡ دُوۡنِهٖۤ اِلَّاۤ اَسۡمَآءً سَمَّيۡتُمُوۡهَاۤ اَنۡـتُمۡ وَ اٰبَآؤُكُمۡ مَّاۤ اَنۡزَلَ اللّٰهُ بِهَا مِنۡ سُلۡطٰنٍ​ؕ اِنِ الۡحُكۡمُ اِلَّا لِلّٰهِ​ؕ اَمَرَ اَلَّا تَعۡبُدُوۡۤا اِلَّاۤ اِيَّاهُ​ؕ ذٰلِكَ الدِّيۡنُ الۡقَيِّمُ وَلٰـكِنَّ اَكۡثَرَ النَّاسِ لَا يَعۡلَمُوۡنَ‏ ٤٠

You worship not besides Him except [mere] names you have named them, you and your fathers, for which Allāh has sent down no evidence. Legislation is not but for Allāh. He has commanded that you worship not except Him. That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know.

[Al-Quran 12:40, Translation: Saheeh International]


The next mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occurs in Surah Ibrahim. The surah responds in detail to all the objections against the Abrahamic faith. 

  1. Q14:35 begins with the prayer of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام): '(Recall) when Ibrāhīm said, “My Lord, make this city peaceful, and keep me and my children away from worshiping idols.' This relates back to the dua quoted in Q2:126 when he and his son, Ismael (Ismail عليه السلام) had purified the Kaaba for the worship of Allah alone. The rest of the dua is as follows: 'My Lord, they have misled many a people. So, the one who follows me does surely belong to me. As for the one who disobeys me, then You are Most-Forgiving, Very-Merciful. Our Lord, I have settled some of my children in a valley of no vegetation, close to Your sanctified House, so that, Our Lord, they may establish Salāh. So, make hearts of people yearn towards them, and provide them with fruits, so that they may be grateful. Our Lord, surely You know what we conceal and what we reveal.-Hidden from Allah is nothing whatsoever, neither in the earth nor in the heavens. Praise be to Allah who, despite my old age, blessed me with Ismā‘īl (Ishmael) and IsHāq (Isaac). Surely, my Lord is the One who listens to the prayer. My Lord, make me steadfast in Salāh, and my offspring as well. And, Our Lord, grant my prayer. Our Lord, forgive me and my parents and all believers on the day when reckoning shall take place.”' (Q14:36-41) 

The next mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occurs in Surah al-Hijr

  1. Q15:51 states that: 'And inform them about the guests of Abraham,'. The next few ayaat relate that: 'When they entered upon him and said, "Peace." [Abraham] said, "Indeed, we are fearful [i.e., apprehensive] of you." [The angels] said, "Fear not. Indeed, we give you good tidings of a learned boy." He said, "Have you given me good tidings although old age has come upon me? Then of what [wonder] do you inform?" They said, "We have given you good tidings in truth, so do not be of the despairing." He said, "And who despairs of the mercy of his Lord except for those astray?" [Abraham] said, "Then what is your business [here], O messengers?" They said, "Indeed, we have been sent to a people of criminals, Except the family of Lot; indeed, we will save them all Except his wife." We [i.e., Allāh] decreed that she is of those who remain behind. And when the messengers came to the family of Lot, He said, "Indeed, you are people unknown." They said, "But we have come to you with that about which they were disputing, And we have come to you with truth, and indeed, we are truthful. So set out with your family during a portion of the night and follow behind them and let not anyone among you look back and continue on to where you are commanded." And We conveyed to him [the decree] of that matter: that those [sinners] would be eliminated by early morning.' (Q15:52-66). The surah narrates the behaviour of the people of that city towards the guests of Lot (Lut عليه السلام), takes an oath by the Prophet's life, that in their intoxication, blind (لَعَمۡرُكَ اِنَّهُمۡ لَفِىۡ سَكۡرَتِهِمۡ يَعۡمَهُوۡنَ‏ ٧٢); and so the shriek took them away at sunrise  (فَاَخَذَتۡهُمُ الصَّيۡحَةُ مُشۡرِقِيۡنَۙ‏). ... till Q15:77.     


The next two mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah an-Nahl.  

  1. Q16:120 states that: 'Surely, Ibr him was an Ummah (a whole community in himself), devoted to Allah, a man of pure faith; and he was not among the Mushriks (those who associate partners with Allah)'. The next ayat continues to inform that: 'while he was grateful to His bounties. He chose him and led him to the straight path. And We gave him good in this world; and in the Hereafter, he is among the righteous.' 
  2. Q16:123 states that: 'Then, We revealed to you, 'Follow the way of Ibrihim, the upright, and he was not among the Mushriks".' 


The next three mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah Maryam.   

  1. Q19:41 states that: 'And mention in the Book [the story of] Abraham. Indeed, he was a man of truth and a prophet.' The next few ayaat record his respectful conversation with his polytheistic father regarding religion. 
  2. Q19:46 records his father's reaction to the invitation to monotheism: '[His father] said, "Have you no desire for my gods, O Abraham? If you do not desist, I will surely stone you, so avoid me a prolonged time."' The surah continues with the mention of Isaac (Ishaque عليه السلام), Jacob (Yaqub عليه السلام), Moses (Musa عليه السلام), Aaron (Harun عليه السلام) Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام), and Enoch (Idris عليه السلام). 
  3. Q19:58 states that: 'Those were the ones upon whom Allāh bestowed favor from among the prophets of the descendants of Adam and of those We carried [in the ship] with Noah, and of the descendants of Abraham and Israel [i.e., Jacob], and of those whom We guided and chose. When the verses of the Most Merciful were recited to them, they fell in prostration and weeping.' 


The next four mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah al-Anbiya.   

  1. Q21:51 states that: 'And We had certainly given Abraham his sound judgement before,1 and We were of him well-Knowing'. The surah goes on to narrate the breaking of idols by Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام), and the people looking for the 'wrongdoer'.  
  2. Q21:60 states that: 'They said, "We heard a young man mention them who is called Abraham."'
  3. Q21:62 states their inquiry: 'They said, "Have you done this to our gods, O Abraham?"'. They eventually decide to punish him by burning in a fire, and their fire couldn't harm Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام).   
  4. Q21:69 quotes the command given to the fire: 'We said, “O fire, be cold and safe for Ibrāhīm.”'. 


The next three mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah al-Hajj.   

  1. Q22:26 informs that: 'And recall when We located the House for Abraham: “Do not associate anything with Me, and cleanse My House for the circumambulators and those who stand to pray and those who kneel and prostrate.' The word (بَوَّاۡنَا) is variously translated as We located, pointed out, assigned. I think located is more correct, as the Kaaba must already be in existence for it to be cleansed, and as also Q22:29 goes on to call it The Ancient House ( بِالۡبَيۡتِ الۡعَتِيۡقِ‏ ٢٩). 
  2. Q22:43 states: 'And the people of Abraham and the people of Lot.'. Read together with the ayaat before and after it: 'And if they deny you, [O Muḥammad] - so, before them, did the people of Noah and ʿAad and Thamūd deny [their prophets], And the people of Abraham and the people of Lot.  And the inhabitants of Madyan. And Moses was denied, so I prolonged enjoyment for the disbelievers; then I seized them, and how [terrible] was My reproach.'  
  3. Q22:78 concludes with: 'And strive for Allāh with the striving due to Him. He has chosen you and has not placed upon you in the religion any difficulty. [It is] the religion of your father, Abraham. He [i.e., Allāh] named you "Muslims" before [in former scriptures] and in this [revelation] that the Messenger may be a witness over you and you may be witnesses over the people. So establish prayer and give zakāh and hold fast to Allāh. He is your protector; and excellent is the protector, and excellent is the helper.'.


The next mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occurs in Surah ash-Shu`ara.    

  1. Q26:69 states that: 'And recite to them the news of Abraham,'. The passage about Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) reads as: 'And recite to them the news of Abraham, When he said to his father and his people, "What do you worship?" They said, "We worship idols and remain to them devoted." He said, "Do they hear you when you supplicate? Or do they benefit you, or do they harm?" They said, "But we found our fathers doing thus." He said, "Then do you see what you have been worshipping, You and your ancient forefathers? Indeed, they are enemies to me, except the Lord of the worlds, Who created me, and He [it is who] guides me. And it is He who feeds me and gives me drink. And when I am ill, it is He who cures me And who will cause me to die and then bring me to life And who I aspire that He will forgive me my sin on the Day of Recompense." [And he said], "My Lord, grant me authority and join me with the righteous. And grant me a mention [i.e., reputation] of honor among later generations. And place me among the inheritors of the Garden of Pleasure. And forgive my father. Indeed, he has been of those astray. And do not disgrace me on the Day they are [all] resurrected - The Day when there will not benefit [anyone] wealth or children But only one who comes to Allāh with a sound heart." And Paradise will be brought near [that Day] to the righteous. And Hellfire will be brought forth for the deviators, ...'

 

The next two mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah al-Ankabut

The surah begins with the statement that people will be tested for their claim that they are believers. We know that Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) was tested with many difficult tests, before he was appointed an Imam (Q2:124).  

The name of the surah  translates as 'The Spider'. After recounting the nations that were destroyed after they rejected their Messenger(s)' invitation to monotheism, ayat 41 of the surah explains that the likeness of those who take protectors other than Allah is that of the spider who builds a home for itself, and the very feeblest of homes is that of the spider.    

  1. Q29:16 reminds that: 'And [We sent] Abraham, when he said to his people, "Worship Allāh and fear Him. That is best for you, if you should know.' The next few ayaat recap his mission, his people trying to burn him in defence of their gods, he being saved, and then emigrating, and Lot (Lut عليه السلام) along with him. Then, Lot (Lut عليه السلام)'s mission is also recapped.   
  2. Q29:31 states that: 'And when Our messengers [i.e., angels] came to Abraham with the good tidings, they said, "Indeed, we will destroy the people of that [i.e., Lot's] city. Indeed, its people have been wrongdoers."' The next ayat records Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) pleading that Lot (Lut عليه السلام) is among them. He is reassured that he, and his family, will be saved, except his wife ...  


The next mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occurs in Surah al-Ahzaab (The Confederates). 

  1. Q33:7 reminds: 'And [mention, O Muḥammad], when We took from the prophets their covenant and from you and from Noah and Abraham and Moses and Jesus, the son of Mary; and We took from them a solemn covenant', and the next ayat explains: 'That He may question the truthful about their truth. And He has prepared for the disbelievers a painful punishment.'


The next three mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah as-Saafaat. The surah presents examples of the chosen ones, believers who did good excellently, and so they were the ones upon whom was bestowed peace. After mentioning the story of Noah (Nuh عليه السلام), the next person mentioned is Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام). 

  1. Q37:83 states that: 'To his sect belonged Abraham'. The next ayat informs that: (اِذۡ جَآءَ رَبَّهٗ بِقَلۡبٍ سَلِيۡمٍ‏ ٨٤) He came to his Lord with a sound / whole heart. The following ayaat recount his preaching to his people, his breaking of the idols, then their plan to burn him, Allah saving Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) while making those who planned against him the lowest; Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام)  going away from there, Allah granting his prayer and bestowing him with a forbearing son, his relating his dream about sacrificing his son, asking his son for what he thinks, the son respectfully asking his father to do as commanded, and then they both submitting with the father putting the son down on his forehead, and then  
  2. Q37:104 states: 'We called out to him: "Abraham,'. The next ayat states that he had made his dream true, and that's how those who do excellently are rewarded. Indeed, it was an evident test. The son was ransomed with a great sacrifice, and he was granted mention among the latter ones: 
  3. Q37:109 "Peace be upon Abraham!" the next ayat reiterates that this is how those who do excellently are rewarded. Q37:111 goes on to state that he was a Believer, and the next ayaat detail the rewards.     

The next mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occurs in Surah Saad. This surah narrates about rich, powerful men. It begins with the mention of disbelievers in general, then specifically mentions three examples of men who were believers, and would quickly repent when they slipped, and then: 

  1. Q38:41 reminds: 'And remember Our servants: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—the men of strength and insight.'

The surah concludes with a narration about the command to angels to prostrate to Adam عليه السلام . 


The next mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occurs in Surah Ash-Shuraa, informing us that the true religion (الدِّيۡنِ) from Allah has always been the same 

  1. Q38:41 reminds: 'He hath ordained for you that religion which He commended unto Noah, and that which We inspire in thee (Muhammad), and that which We commended unto Abraham and Moses and Jesus, saying: Establish the religion, and be not divided therein. Dreadful for the idolaters is that unto which thou callest them. Allah chooseth for Himself whom He will, and guideth unto Himself him who turneth (toward Him).'


The next mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occurs in Surah Az-Zukhruf (gold ornaments). Among the first few ayaat is the statement that this is a recitation in Arabic, and questions them that shouldn't they be  reminded because they are an extravagant people. 

Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) was the father of Ishmael (Ismail عليه السلام) from whom descended Prophet-Messenger Muhammad ﷺ.  

  1. Q43:26 reminds: 'And (recall) when Ibrahim said to his father and to his people, "I disown that which you worship,' and the following ayat continues to quote: 'except the One who has originated me; so He will guide me." And he made it a word lasting among his posterity, so that they may return. But, I gave these and their fathers enjoyment, until the truth came to them, and a messenger who explains (it).'   


The next mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occurs in Surah adh-Dhariyat.

  1. Q51:24 questions: 'Has there reached you the story of the honored guests of Abraham?'. The following ayaat relate the story as: 'When they entered upon him and said, "[We greet you with] peace." He answered, "[And upon you] peace; [you are] a people unknown." Then he went to his family and came with a fat [roasted] calf. And placed it near them; he said, "Will you not eat?" And he felt from them apprehension. They said, "Fear not," and gave him good tidings of a learned boy. And his wife approached with a cry [of alarm] and struck her face and said, "[I am] a barren old woman!" They said, "Thus has said your Lord; indeed, He is the Wise, the Knowing." [Abraham] said, "Then what is your business [here], O messengers?" They said, "Indeed, we have been sent to a people of criminals To send down upon them stones of clay, Marked in the presence of your Lord for the transgressors." So We brought out whoever was in them [i.e., the cities] of the believers. And We found not within them other than a [single] house of Muslims. And We left therein a sign for those who fear the painful punishment.'


The next mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occurs in Surah an-Najm

  1. Q53:37 reminds of: 'And with Abraham who kept his word: (وَاِبۡرٰهِيۡمَ الَّذِىۡ وَفّٰىٓ  ۙ‏ ٣٧)' 


The next mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occurs in Surah al-Hadeed

  1. Q57:26 states that: 'And we have indeed sent Nuh and Ibrahim, and kept the Book and prophet-hood (continuing) in their progeny. So, some of those (to whom they were sent) were on the right path, and many of them were sinners.' 


The next two mentions of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occur in Surah al-Mumtahhanah, also quoted at the beginning of this post. 

  1. Q60:4 states: 'You already have an excellent example in Abraham and those with him, when they said to their people, “We totally dissociate ourselves from you and ˹shun˺ whatever ˹idols˺ you worship besides Allah. We reject you. The enmity and hatred that has arisen between us and you will last until you believe in Allah alone.” The only exception is when Abraham said to his father, “I will seek forgiveness for you,˹” adding, “but˺ I cannot protect you from Allah at all.” ˹The believers prayed,˺ “Our Lord! In You we trust. And to You we ˹always˺ turn. And to You is the final return.'

The final mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام) occurs in Surah al-A`la. It begins with the tasbeeh of prostration (), and concludes with a mention of Abraham (Ibrahim عليه السلام).  

  1. Q87:19 informs that: 'The scriptures of Abraham and Moses.' 



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DRAFT 





Hajj and the lunar calendar (Surah alBaqarah and Surah atTaubah and Surah alHajj) 

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References and Links

The Ancient House 

The Covenant & Its Ratification 

The Case against the Bani Israel 

The Quran, the Pharaoh, Exodus and the Promised Day! 

Wronging the Nafs - II (The Forbidden & The Sacred) 

Wronging the Nafs - III (The Calendar) 



Some translations are my own, while some are copied from Quran.com 



Last updated on: February 28, 2024